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Cadmium in nicotine triggers inflammatory proteins, reduces energy, and raises ROS, which damages cells, elevates GGT, depletes glutathione, weakens vitamins C and E, and lowers serotonin and melatonin, impacting mood and sleep 47, 48

Mitsumoto, H., Brooks, B

AMBRA1 is able to induce mitophagy via LC3 binding, regardless of PARKIN and p62/SQSTM1

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