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It also has immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties

Due to the passive diffusion of nutrients through the endplate, NPCs exist in a prolonged state of hypoxia and low glucose availability, forcing the cells to rely on glycolysis for energy production ( Furthermore, the accumulation of succinate due to impaired citric acid cycle activity increases the ROS peak at Complex I through reverse electron transfer (RET), resulting in a reduction in mtDNA copy number and an elevated mutation rate of genes encoding Complexes I and IIII (Zhou et al., 2024a)

It has been studied in laboratory research for its interaction with cell signaling pathways related to tissue-level cell behavior

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