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Vaping May Reduce Smoking Without Increasing Dependence Tobacco Reporter Development and initial validation of a new self report measure to assess perceived dependence on tobacco and nicotine products Scientific Reports The experiences of young adults attempting to quit e cigarettes: A mixed methods analysis Penn State study: Vapers report less dependence, addiction than cigarette smokers WHYY Using the Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index (possible range 020), #ecig dependence increased slightly through Week 4 and then declined. At all timepoints, ecig dependence was significantly lower than combustible cigarette dependence. Center for Research on Tobacco and Health College of Medicine Penn State

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