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The report shows how human activities and natural phenomena are affecting air quality and impacting people and nature

Numerous studies indicate that smokers and nonsmokers who are exposed to secondhand smoke are inhaling many of the causes of the cigarette smoking (Allender et al., 2009)

-Last month, a US study said vaping may increase cancer risk because it leads to DNA damage, despite containing fewer carcinogens than tobacco smoke.That study, too, did not compare the effects of cigarette smoking directly to vaping.Research in the journal Tobacco Control last October said a large-scale switch from tobacco to e-cigarettes would prevent millions of premature deaths by the year 2100, even assuming the gadgets are themselves not risk-free.E-cigarettes, said to contain no tar and fewer toxins than tobacco cigarettes, were developed as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking.But many people fear that a harmless veneer may make e-cigarettes a "gateway" for young people to lifelong nicotine addiction.Commenting on the latest study, Peter Openshaw, an experimental medicine professor at Imperial College London, said any evidence that vaping raised lung infection risk was "only indirect"."Although it is possible that vaping might increase susceptibility to pneumonia, the effect is likely to be lower than from smoking itself," he said via the Science Media Centre."This study should not be used as a reason to continue to smoke rather than vape - the evidence to date is that e-cigarettes are far less harmful than smoking."

These interventions seem to have worked

Updated 2026

Ritter, Stver, Levy, Etter, & Elger, 2011) [2] (WHO, 2007a) [3] (Patrick & Marsh, 2001) [4] (Lincoln, et al., 2009), (Kauffman, Ferketich, Murray, Bellair, & Wewers, 2010) [5] (N